Main article: Christianity in the 1st century Jewish messianism, and the Jewish Messiah concept, has its roots in the apocalyptic literature produced between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century BC, promising a future "anointed" leader (messiah or king) from the Davidic line to resurrect the Israelite Kingdom of God, in place of the foreign rulers of the time. The 1st century BC and 1st century AD had numerous charismatic religious leaders contributing to what would become the Mishnah of Rabbinic Judaism, including the Jewish sages Yohanan ben Zakkai and Hanina ben Dosa. The ancient Roman-Jewish historian Josephus described the four most prominent sects within Second Temple Judaism: Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and an unnamed "fourth philosophy", which modern historians recognize to be the Zealots and Sicarii. The religious, social, and political climate of 1st-century Roman Judea and its neighbouring provinces was extremely diverse and constantly characterized by socio-political turmoil, with numerous Judaic movements that were both religious and political. See also: Historical background of the New Testament, Second Temple Judaism, and Second Temple Period 9.3 Pentecostal movement and Charismatic Christianity.7.1 Colonization and Christianization of the Americas.6.3 Renaissance and the Catholic Church.6.2 Criticism of Catholic Church abuses and corruption.6.1 Avignon Papacy and the Western Schism.
6 Late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance (1300–1520).5.2 Growing tensions between East and West.3.4 Church of the East and the Sasanian Empire.3.3 Christianity as Roman state religion.3.2 Arianism and the first ecumenical councils.2.2.3 Development of the biblical canon.Within the last century, as the influence of Christianity has progressively waned in the Western world, Christianity continues to be the predominant religion in Europe (including Russia) and the Americas, and has rapidly grown in Asia as well as in the Global South and Third World countries, most notably in Latin America, China, South Korea, and much of Sub-Saharan Africa. Today, there are more than two billion Christians worldwide and Christianity has become the world's largest religion. Since the Renaissance era, with the European colonization of the Americas and other continents actively instigated by the Christian churches, Christianity has expanded throughout the world. Growing criticism of the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical structure and its corruption led to the Protestant Reformation and its related reform movements in the 15th and 16th centuries, which concluded with the European wars of religion that set off the split of Western Christianity. During the High Middle Ages, Eastern and Western Christianity grew apart, leading to the East–West Schism of 1054. In the Early Middle Ages, missionary activities spread Christianity towards the west and the north among Germanic peoples towards the east among Armenians, Georgians, and Slavic peoples in the Middle East among Syrians and Egyptians in Eastern Africa among the Ethiopians and further into Central Asia, China, and India. Arianism was condemned at the First Council of Nicea (325), which supported the Trinitarian doctrine as expounded in the Nicene Creed. Various Christological debates about the human and divine nature of Jesus consumed the Christian Church for three centuries, and seven ecumenical councils were called to resolve these debates. In 380, with the Edict of Thessalonica put forth under Theodosius I, the Roman Empire officially adopted Trinitarian Christianity as its state religion, and Christianity established itself as a predominantly Roman religion in the State church of the Roman Empire.
In 313, the Roman Emperor Constantine I issued the Edict of Milan legalizing Christian worship. The inclusion of Gentiles in the developing early Christian Church caused the separation of early Christianity from Judaism during the first two centuries of the Christian era. The earliest followers of Jesus were apocalyptic Jewish Christians. His followers believe that, according to the Gospels, he was the Son of God and that he died for the forgiveness of sins and was raised from the dead and exalted by God, and will return soon at the inception of God's kingdom. AD 30–33 in Jerusalem in the Roman province of Judea. Christianity originated with the ministry of Jesus, a Jewish teacher and healer who proclaimed the imminent Kingdom of God and was crucified c. The history of Christianity concerns the Christian religion, Christian countries, and the Christians with their various denominations, from the 1st century to the present. It contains the text ΙΧΘΥϹ ΖΩΝΤΩΝ ("fish of the living"), a predecessor of the Ichthys symbol. One of the earliest Christian inscriptions found, it comes from the early 3rd century Vatican necropolis area in Rome.
Funerary stele of Licinia Amias on marble, in the National Roman Museum.
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